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The greatest decreases are in reports of physical and sexual abuse (87% and 90% decrease, respectively), exposure to violence inside and outside of the household (73% and 61% decrease, respectively), and chronic unemployment in the household (49% decrease). The prevalence of all ACEs decreases from prospective to retrospective reporting, with the exception of reports of parental death which increases from 22♴% to 27♹%. The proportion of participants who report experiencing four or more ACEs drops by more than half, from 87♴% to 38♰%, when reported retrospectively compared with prospective reporting. ] and are summarized in the methods section. Given the relatively small proportions of missing data, and the comprehensiveness of ACE data, no further handling of missing data was done and all analyses assumes data are missing at random, which the authors concede is a limitation. The largest proportions of missing data were among covariates (up to 7♹1%) and these cases were dropped through listwise deletion during the regression analyses. The distribution of ACEs among cases with data was not substantially different from those cases without data on a specific variable, and significant differences are due to the small number of missing cases (Supplementary Table C). Missing data ranged from 1♰7% to 3♵2% on outcome variables, and between 0♱9% and 7♹1% on the covariates (Supplementary Table B).
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The analysis was restricted to cases with data on the exposures, only cases with data for both prospective and retrospective ACEs were included. In the retrospective data, all variables except for parental divorce (17%) had less than 10% missing values. For prospective data, missing data was imputed from previous and subsequent waves of data to compose comprehensive accounts. Factorial analysis of variance was used to test for the unique contribution of prospective and retrospective reports of ACEs, as well as any interactions between them, to the variance in each mental health outcome.ĪCE scores were computed for each participant who had data for at least 10 of the 13 ACEs those with fewer than 10 – or 3 or more missing data points – were excluded from the analytic dataset. In the fully adjusted models, retrospective and prospective ACEs are entered in the same model together with the selected covariates, therefore the ORs for prospective ACEs indicate the contribution of prospective ACEs independently from retrospective ACEs and vice versa. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated separately for each outcome. Five adjusted logistic regression models were fitted including significant predictors from the unadjusted models, controlling for sex, socio-economic status, maternal education and recent stressors, to estimate the association between the ACE scores and each outcome. Unadjusted effects of each individual ACE, followed by each composite measure of ACEs, separately for prospective and retrospective ACEs, were tested for effects on somatization, anxiety, social dysfunction, depression and GHQ total. The four mental health outcomes, somatization, anxiety, social dysfunction, and depression were transformed into categorical data and the co-occurrence of psychological distress with reports of ACEs was evaluated using the chi-square statistic.
#DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE FULL#
A full detailed account of individual ACEs reported at each of the 7 time points, as well as an analysis of the level of agreement between sources and timing, has been published [ For the retrospective report, participants were asked at the 22–23-year wave to indicate if they had experienced each of the ACEs during the first 18 years of their life. A participant was recorded as having experienced a particular ACE if there was a positive response at any one of these time points.
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For prospective reports, caregivers were asked to report on their children at participant ages 5, 7 and 11, and participants provided self-reports at ages 11, 15 and 18. The ACEs survey questions are included in Supplementary Table A.